Geroscience in the age of COVID-19. As the effect continued through several generations of proteins, the end-product would not even resemble the original cell and its functional ability would be diminished (Sonneborn, 1979). Biol. This causes the diminishes in an organ's function related to age. The endothelium as a target to reduce diabetes-associated vascular disease. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy097, Ayyadevara, S., Balasubramaniam, M., Kakraba, S., Alla, R., Mehta, J. L., and Shmookler Reis, R. J. 258, 1–17. Syndrome Clin. Med. Key proteins and pathways that regulate lifespan. The involvement of mTORC1 in the prospective ability of putative anti-aging drugs to be useful in dealing with COVID-19 brings discussion to the alternative approach to aging, which treats it as programmed somehow. (2020). Figure 1A shows how the age-specific mortality attributed to COVID-19 depends on age in the general population. Mol. Those of the substances that have been suggested for treating COVID-19 are included in Figure 3. Endocrinol. Res. However, neither MRDT nor DT suggests how the chances to become a symptomatic (hospitalized) COVID-19 patient depend on age. Evidence for this theory comes from research showing that certain fish, when the water temperature is lowered, live longer than their warm water counterparts. Aging 12, 5–7. New York, NY: MacMillan Company. With increasing age, the endothelial responses to any challenges, including COVID-19, become compromised making the whole body responses compromised. (2020). Endocrine Rev. Sci. Aging Disease 11, 725–729. The interventions are: 1) diet calorie restriction and 2) physical activity promotion. doi: 10.1089/ars.2017.7105. (2020). Front. Human aging is influenced by a composite of biologic, psychologic, social, functional, and spiritual factors. Ageing Res. Rev. The process that increases the risk of dying with increasing time of living is known as aging. 31, 1068–1077.e3. 887:173530. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173530, Salmanoglu, D. S., Gurpinar, T., Vural, K., Ekerbicer, N., Darıverenli, E., and Var, A. (2018). Human Vaccines Immunother. Metabolic Theory of Aging/Caloric Restriction. Neurobiol. 51, 384–387. As more data on mortality attributed to COVID-19 become available, the above quantitative estimates may require reevaluations; however, the qualitatively exponential pattern of the dependency of this aspect of mortality on age is becoming confirmed increasingly better (O’Driscoll et al., 2020). If so, an appropriate retuning of the central neuroendocrine functions must be sufficient to slow down aging or even stop it. Aging and AD are associated in some way, then it is reasonable to ask whether or not it is possible to age without AD inexorably appearing at any moment, depending on the period of life. trigger this decline may offer a template for understanding the phenomena of aging (Hayflick, 1996; Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window). The molecular targets of resveratrol. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_13, Pollán, M., Pérez-Gómez, B., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Oteo, J., Hernán, M. A., Pérez-Olmeda, M., et al. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw064, Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E. L., Fadnes, T. P., Boffetta, D. C., Greenwood, S., et al. Cell. Cross-linkage agents have been found in unsaturated fats; in polyvalent metal ions like aluminum, zinc, and magnesium; and in association with excessive radiation exposure. Essential components of the immune system are T lymphocytes, which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, and B lymphocytes, the antibodies responsible for humoral immunity. Focused on the roles and relationships within which individuals engage in later life (Hogstel, 1995). *Correspondence: Aleksei G. Golubev, lxglbv@rambler.ru, Front. Stochastic th eories: "Growing old is the res ult of liv ing". Tags: Gerontologic Nursing medRxiv [Preprint]. Diabetes Metab. Sports Exerc. Z. Wang (Singapore: Springer Singapore), 267–282. Figure 3 is meant only to illustrate the fact that the molecular targets of many agents suggested to treat the adverse effects of both aging and COVID-19 may all be mapped to a common network of signaling pathways. (2020). Rep. 3, 51–67. The primary, although not exclusive, contributors to these three aspects of the overall age-dependent changes in the incidence of the symptomatic COVID-19 cases are behavioral and social, immunological, and pathophysiological factors, respectively, provided the criteria of judging COVID-19 cases as symptomatic are applied equally to all ages. Immunopharmacol. (2020). Uspekhi Gerontol. An important open question is how comes that decreases in the functional reserves, which are usually close to linear, are translated into almost exponential increases in mortality? This study contradicted earlier studies by Carrel and Ebeling in which chick embryo cells were kept alive indefinitely in a laboratory; the conclusion from this 1912 experiment was that cells do not wear out but continue to function normally forever. Other deleterious results are related to free radical molecules in the body. This primarily involves collagen, which is a relatively inert long-chain macromolecule produced by fibroblasts. Genetic Basis of Aging Theories • Hi h ti f i lifHigh conservation of maximum life span between species • Similarity of attained age between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins or nontwin siblings •Examppp gyles of exceptional longevity within families Harman (1956) was the first to suggest that the administration of chemicals terminating the propagation of free radicals would extend the life span or delay the aging process. The title slide and reference slides do not count in the 10–12 slides. The end result of this cross-linkage process is an increase in density of the collagen molecule but a decrease in the capacity to both transport nutrients to the cells and remove waste products from the cells. J. Theor. (2020). Simpler examples of aging-associated increases in functions because of compensatory responses to primary decreases in other functions or because of compromised negative feedbacks between different functions may be found in the neuroendocrine system, e.g., increases in the secretory activities of pituitary gonadotrophs because of decreases in the secretory capacities of their target glands (Golubev, 2009; Golubev et al., 2017a). Resveratrol is also known to inhibit the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB, which is the central hub for integration of the stimuli that induce inflammation. Nurses have the ability to synthesize various aspects of the different aging theories, and they visualize older adults interfacing with their total environment, including physical, mental/emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. Lifestyle Med. The different numbers of deaths related to the two periods of the epidemic (3,751 and 793, respectively), are reflected by the different positions of the respective regression lines. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.003, Kikusui, T. (2018). 4. The enigma of endothelium in COVID-19. Should, and how can, exercise be done during a coronavirus outbreak? (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003, Curtin, N., Bányai, K., Thaventhiran, J., Le Quesne, J., Helyes, Z., and Bai, P. (2020). July 23, 2018studentBusinessFrailty and Sarcopenia Would you classify telomere-based aging as stochastic or non-stochastic Several years ago, researchers discovered a part of the nuclear chromosome called a telomere. They all are delivered to effector cells by blood flow, which is regulated by the endothelium, and pass to the cells through the endothelium, many regulatory factors being produced in the endothelium. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.018, Madeo, F., Eisenberg, T., Pietrocola, F., and Kroemer, G. (2018). In particular, Sverdlov et al. Pharmacol. The pathways and manifestations of aging in the endothelium have been discussed in numerous reviews, e.g., (Puca et al., 2012; Donato et al., 2015; Jia et al., 2019; Triggle et al., 2020). doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.015, Golubev, A. Figure 2. Anyway, at least one of the aforementioned aging-associated pathologies, whose prevalence increases exponentially with age, preexist in up to 95% of COVID-19 victims, whereas those patients who have none of the conditions usually pass through the SARS-CoV-2 infection asymptomatically or experience only mild symptoms (Shamshirian et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). 17, 543–558. Immunodeficient conditions, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the immune suppression of organ transplant recipients, have demonstrated a relationship between immunocompetence and cancer development. Cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 mortality and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Med 5:73. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00073, Golubev, A. G. (2019). Entropy, in this context, refers to the tendency of all matter to decay into a more random, less ordered state. Mol. An Overview of the Theories of Aging . Objective. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment. Lipofuscin, a lipid- and protein-enriched pigmented material, has been found to accumulate in older adults’ tissues, and is commonly referred to as “age spots.” As the lipofuscin’s presence increases, healthy tissue is slowly deprived of oxygen and nutrient supply. Combined aerobic and low-intensity resistance exercise training increases basal nitric oxide production and decreases arterial stiffness in healthy older adults. The implications of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 for at-risk populations. Cardiol. Aging Cell 15, 986–998. Metabolic Theory of Aging/Caloric Restriction It has been found that as a person ages, the immune system functions less effectively. Front. Interactions between gerontologic nurses and older adults are not limited to a specific disease or physiologic process, absolute developmental tasks, or psychosocial changes. (2020). In particular, the initial estimates were based on data binned in 10-years age intervals. Am. At the same time, the parameter Y appears strikingly stable. Biochemistry Moscow 61, 1443–1460. Lancet 395, 1517–1520. Biologic, social, and psychologic theories of aging attempt to explain and explore the various dimensions of aging. Cardiol. Akaberi, D., Krambrich, J., Ling, J., Luni, C., Hedenstierna, G., Järhult, J. D., et al. Emerging Theories With regard to the sinificance of nitric oxide for relationships between aging and COVID-19, a recent paper published ahead of print provides an evidence of a strong cross-country correlation between the rates of deaths attributed to COVID-19 and the propotions of the NOS3 haplotype of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Guan et al., 2020). The ATP/ADP/AMP balance is where the antidiabetic biguanide metformin, another agent suggested to mitigate both aging (Anisimov, 2015; Campbell et al., 2017) and COVID-19 (Bramante et al., 2020; Menendez, 2020; Sharma et al., 2020) can operate. 32, 44–55. Evidence for this theory comes from research showing that certain fish, when the water temperature is lowered, live longer than their warm water counterparts. Med. Is low alveolar type II cell SOD3 in the lungs of elderly linked to the observed severity of COVID-19? doi: 10.1038/nrm.2016.93, Bramante, C., Ingraham, N., Murray, T., Marmor, S., Hoversten, S., Gronski, J., et al. In the twelfth century thoughts were centered on predetermination and an unalterable plan for life and death. The role of metabolism in the aging process is being investigated (Hayflick, 1996). This is a result of a decrease in cytotoxic or killer T cells. Inflamm. COVID-19 death rates by age and sex and the resulting mortality vulnerability of countries and regions in the world. Metabolic health and lifestyle medicine should be a cornerstone of future pandemic preparedness. Stochastic theories explain aging as events that occur randomly and accumulate over time, whereas nonstochastic theories view aging as certain predetermined, timed phenomena (Box 2–2). A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and basic evidence. (2020). Cross-Linkage Theory Therefore the mitochondria, for example, can no longer function as efficiently, and their cell membranes may become damaged, which results in increased permeability. Ser. DNA-Related Research Microbes Infect. The error theory is based on the idea that errors can occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA. Res. (2020). However, the evidence that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), including aspirin, which can directly inhibit NF-κB, are useful against COVID-19 is controversial (Yousefifard et al., 2020), although aspirin is known to alleviate, in part by reducing inflammation, several age-associated pathologies, including some cancers and neurodegenerative diseases (Noreen et al., 2014; Ayyadevara et al., 2017). Med. Control of systemic inflammation through early nitric oxide supplementation with nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles. Infection rate must depend primarily on the immunological factors, whereas death rate among those infected, on the pathophysiological factors. It hypothesizes that aging is the result of use. Second is the discovery of telomeres, located at the ends of chromosomes, which may function as the cells’ biologic clocks (Hayflick, 1996). Several basic assumptions and concepts have been accepted over the years as guiding research and clinical practice related to aging. In particular, replenishing of vitamin D deficit, which is prevalent among the severe COVID-19 cases and the elderly, is suggested to mitigate the adverse effects of both aging (Hill et al., 2018) and COVID-19 (Daneshkhah et al., 2020; DeLuccia et al., 2020; Padhi et al., 2020). Such γ makes human mortality rate doubling time (MRDT) to be about 7 years. doi: 10.18632/aging.103493, Bonkowski, M. S., and Sinclair, D. A. Science 359:6374. doi: 10.1126/science.aan2788, Marhl, M., Grubelnik, V., Magdiè, M., and Markoviè, R. (2020). bioRxiv [Preprint]. Mech. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Cell 177, 622–638. 254:117808. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117808, Mateuszuk, L., Campagna, R., Kutryb-Zając, B., Kuś, K., Słominska, E. M., Smolenski, R. T., et al. Aging 10, 3067–3078. Sulforaphane reduces advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced inflammation in endothelial cells and rat aorta. A 2D analysis of correlations between the parameters of the Gompertz-Makeham model (or law?) The finite theory. Proc. The two basic alternative gerontological concepts imply that either aging results from the accumulation of stochastic damage, or is programmed. summary). It appears that administration of antioxidants postpones the appearance of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, two of the most common causes of death. 2014:417842. doi: 10.1155/2014/417842, Shamshirian, A., Heydari, K., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Moosazadeh, M., Abrotan, S., and Hessami, A. These death rates are not equivalent to the infection fatality rates (IFR), which must be estimated based on the numbers of people who are infected, including the asymptomatic cases. All the information, content and live chat provided on the site is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional or medical advice. (2020). This causes older adults to respond more slowly to allergic stimulants. Its primary role is to differentiate self from non self, thereby protecting the organism from attack by pathogens. Effect of glycation inhibitors on aging and age-related diseases. Brooke, R. T., and Fahy, G. M. (2020). No single gerontologic nursing theory has been accepted by this specialty, which requires nurses to use an eclectic approach from other disciplines as the basis of clinical decision making (. A critical literature review. The endothelium not only prevents the direct contacts of blood constituents with the walls of the major blood vessels and, when it comes to microcirculation, with tissue cells, but also secretes numerous physiologically active substances, such as cytokines, eicosanoids, and nitric oxide, which can influence the conditions of blood and extravascular cells important for COVID-19 pathogenesis. Pharmacol. (2015). (2020). The next transcription would again contain an error. Inflammopharmacol 15, 252–259. Social isolation as a predictor for mortality: implications for COVID-19 prognosis. Can activation of NRF2 be a strategy against COVID-19? 20 to 70 years, as has been shown in India (Laxminarayan et al., 2020) and Spain (Pollán et al., 2000), whereas COVID-19 CFR is exponential throughout the entire adult age span (see section “Mortality Statistics as an Interface Between Gerontology and COVID-19 Research”). Human aging is viewed as a total process that begins at conception. However, the biologically active endogenously hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D are not known to target immediately the pathways shown in Figure 3 and are more likely to modulate the molecular machinery specific to the immune system (Sassi et al., 2018). Programmed Theory Med. Morphol. Some theories are presented in this chapter because of their historical value; for the most part, they have been abandoned because of lack of empiric evidence. Wear and Tear Theories This theory proposes that each time your DNA replicates, certain factors such as radiation, chemical reactions, or mutations cause "agents" to attach to the newly formed DNA strands. (2020). Previous authors: Marjorie A. Maddox, EdD, MSN, ARNP, ANP-C, and Holly Evans Madison, RN, MS Weight loss-dependent and -independent effects of moderate calorie restriction on endothelial cell markers in obesity. World J. Hypotheses 86, 92–96. Both T and B lymphocytes may respond to an invasion of the organism, although one may provide more protection in certain situations. doi: 10.2165/11317750-000000000-00000, Dilman, V. M., Revskoy, S. Y., and Golubev, A. G. (1986). The immune system is a network of specialized cells, tissues, and organs that provide the body with protection against invading organisms. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1117-8_15, Quiles, J. L., Rivas-García, L., Varela-López, A., Llopis, J., Battino, M., and Sánchez-González, C. (2020). 27, 1383–1396. Both T and B lymphocytes may respond to an invasion of the organism, although one may provide more protection in certain situations. • Generalized T-lymphocyte dysfunctions, which reduce the response to certain viral antigens, allografts, and tumor cells. Based on this 1961 study, unlimited cell division was not found to occur; the immortality of individual cells was found to be more an abnormal than a normal occurrence. Med. Potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular protection by polyphenols: role of the endothelium. The cross-linkage theory has emerged from deductive reasoning, and aside from the previous examples, there is little empiric evidence to support its claims (Hayflick, 1996). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Caloric restriction mimetics against age-associated disease: targets, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.006, Sahebnasagh, A., Saghafi, F., Avan, R., Khoshi, A., Khataminia, M., Safdari, M., et al. J. Clin. Nutrit. Basis Disease 1852, 1114–1123. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.005, Keywords: COVID-19, aging, theories, physiological balances, public health, anti-aging drugs, signaling pathways, Citation: Golubev AG (2020) COVID-19: A Challenge to Physiology of Aging. Resveratrol, whose place in Fig. Role of IGF-1 system in the modulation of longevity: controversies and new insights from a centenarians’ perspective. Diseases 60, 45–55. An example of this would be the changes associated with aging skin. Biologic Theories of Aging The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. STOCHASTIC THEORIES/ NON-GENETIC THEORY These theories states that aging is caused by an accumulation of insults from the environment Results of these insults is that the organisms eventually reaches a level incompatible with life 10. According to the hyperfunction theory of aging in general, inflammaging is a particular manifestation of the primary aging-associated hyperactivity of almost everything in the body, including the immune system, predominantly its inborn and humoral branches, rather than a results of a reduced ability of its T-cellular branch to control B-cells, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. The neuroendocrine system regulates and controls many important metabolic activities. Physiol., 03 December 2020 The ability of the sirtuin SIRT6 to activate PARP1 correlates positively with lifespan in different rodent species (Tian et al., 2019). (2020). Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study. Exercise as medicine for COVID-19: on PPAR with emerging pharmacotherapy. doi: 10.1101/124792, Nieman, D. C., and Wentz, L. M. (2019). Gerontology 66, 431–438. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, vascular integrity and human exceptional longevity. Cross-linkage has been proposed as a primary cause of arteriosclerosis, a decrease in efficiency of the immune system with age, and the loss of elasticity often seen in older adult skin. Oncotarget 6, 39398–39407. (2017). Stochastic theories of aging similarly propose that aging is the result of inevitable small random changes that accumulate with time. Age-related autoimmunity. Rapamycin impairs endothelial cell function in human internal thoracic arteries. This does not allow for normal metabolic activities, and waste products accumulate in the cells. The neuroendocrine system controls many essential activities with regard to growth and development. The error theory is based on the idea that errors can occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA. Correspondingly, spermidine has been suggested as a component of therapy for COVID-19 (Gassen et al., 2020). 40, 31–44. A., Shindyapina, A. V., Gerashchenko, M. V., Zhang, B., et al. Med. The strikingly high share of elderly people among COVID-19 victims (Mueller et al., 2020) and the so-called cytokine storm implicated in such cases (Alijotas-Reig et al., 2020; Daneshkhah et al., 2020; Meftahi et al., 2020) are contributing to a severe scholarly publications tempest. Syndrome 14, 395–403. (1988) Theory of Personal Meaning and Kenyon's (190 Basic Assumptions in Theories of Human Aging. The role of the thymus in COVID-19 disease severity: implications for antibody treatment and immunization. According to this theory, normally separated molecular structures are bound together through chemical reactions. The age-associated increases in the rates of exaggerated or biased immune responses to COVID-19, which are manifested as “cytokine storm” (Meftahi et al., 2020) and intravascular coagulation (Colantuoni et al., 2020), may result from that the ability of human body to control its responses to threats becomes increasingly compromised in the course of aging. Redox Biol. Physiol. Biochim. These highly reactive free radicals react with molecules in cell membranes, in particular, cell membranes of unsaturated lipids such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and nuclear membranes. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.021, Drucker, D. J. (2020). Researchers question this theory in light of research demonstrating increased functional abilities in individuals who exercise daily. 71, 876–881. Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): a review. No single gerontologic nursing theory has been accepted by this specialty, which requires nurses to use an eclectic approach from other disciplines as the basis of clinical decision making (Comfort, 1970) (Box 2–1). Cerani suggests increased levels of blood glucose cause increased amounts of cross-linking, which accelerate lens, kidney, and blood vessel diseases (Schneider, 1992). This topic is discussed in several reviews, e.g., (Sahebnasagh et al., 2020; Quiles et al., 2020; Wang and Yang, 2020). Sci. Endothelial dysfunction in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): gender and age influences. The recognition of the universal truths is what we attempt to discover through the theories of aging. Non-enzymatic molecular damage as a prototypic driver of aging. Physical exercise and the renin angiotensin system: prospects in the COVID-19. Correlations between the metabolic and the immunological fitness are long recognized – see Golubev and Anisimov (2019) and references therein. Physiol. 21, 183–203. Lancet 396, 535–544. Golubev, A. G., and Sidorenko, A. V. (2020). • Increased autoantibodies as a result of altered immune system regulation. Do nutrients and other bioactive molecules from foods have anything to say in the treatment against COVID-19? “Which is the most reasonable anti-aging strategy: meta-analysis,” in Aging and Aging-Related Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventions, ed. HIV has been associated with several forms of cancer, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma. Essential components of the immune system are T lymphocytes, which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, and B lymphocytes, the antibodies responsible for humoral immunity. 20, e146–e147. The mechanisms that trigger this decline may offer a template for understanding the phenomena of aging (Hayflick, 1996; Weinert & Timiras, 2003). doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005, Li, H., Liu, L., Zhang, D., Xu, J., Dai, H., Tang, N., et al. Lung Cell. At the physiological whole-body level, metformin improves glucose tolerance. Accompanying these changes is a decrease in the body’s defense against foreign pathogens, which manifests itself as an increased incidence of infectious diseases and an increase in the production of autoantibodies, which lead to a propensity to develop autoimmune-related diseases (Hayflick, 1996; Weinert & Timiras, 2003) (Box 2–3). Stochastic studies of aging and mortality in multicellular organisms. Fasting blood glucose at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes: a multi-centre retrospective study. Resveratrol administration to experimental organisms increases lifespan in several but not all experimental settings. Practice 164:108183. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108183, Shintani, H., Shintani, T., Ashida, H., and Sato, M. (2018). This theory was developed during the Industrial Revolution, when people were attempting to explain and make sense of events in their world. Acad. DNA, found in the nucleus of the cell, contains the fundamental genetic code and forms the genes on all 46 human chromosomes (Black & Hawks, 2005). J. Gerontol. Low rate of T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to a stimulus. Theories of Aging Reversing immunosenescence for prevention of COVID-19. This is a result of a decrease in cytotoxic or killer T cells. Its primary role is to differentiate self from non self, thereby protecting the organism from attack by pathogens. Theories may be combined to explain phenomena (Hayflick, 1996; Hayflick, 2007). The primary question being addressed relates to the factors that trigger the actual aging process in organisms. Reactive carbonyl species in vivo: generation and dual biological effects. 11:989. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00989, Kellogg, C., and Equils, O. It makes obvious that the stochastic mechanism of aging is incorrect. Mechanisms of aging and potential role of selected polyphenols in extending healthspan. Importantly, no resources may become available in the wild without physical activity required for different forms of foraging. J. Other theories are the result of ongoing advances made in biotechnology and, as such, provide glimpses into our future. An example of this would be the changes associated with aging skin. Coronavirus outbreak in Italy: physiological benefits of home-based exercise during pandemic. College Cardiol. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.003. Interactions between gerontologic nurses and older adults are not limited to a specific disease or physiologic process, absolute developmental tasks, or psychosocial changes. Based on this 1961 study, unlimited cell division was not found to occur; the immortality of individual cells was found to be more an abnormal than a normal occurrence. Public Health 17:3986. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113986, Kaur, S., Tripathi, D. M., and Yadav, A. These proposals are reviewed in the context of attributing the molecular targets of these drugs to the signaling pathways between the sensors of resource availability and the molecular mechanisms that allocate resources to storage, growth and reproduction or to self-maintenance and repair. Ser. In Figure 1A, death rates attributed to COVID-19 are estimated against the whole populations within the respective age intervals. Extensive experimentation on the effects of caloric restriction on rodents has demonstrated that caloric restriction increases the life span and delays the onset of age-dependent diseases (Hayflick, 1996; Schneider, 1992). As to ⋅NO production, the abilities to ameliorate the age-associated functional impairments of the endothelium have been demonstrated for all agents featured in Figure 3: metformin (Triggle et al., 2020), resveratrol and other polyphenols (Oak et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019), NAR (Mateuszuk et al., 2020), sulforafan (Matsui et al., 2016), carnosine (Takahashi et al., 2009), antioxidants (Wray et al., 2012), spermidine (Ahrendt et al., 2020), melatonin (Rodella et al., 2013; Salmanoglu et al., 2016), and rapamycin, the effects of the latter being controversial (Reineke et al., 2015). (2016). The road ahead for health and lifespan interventions. An immediate inference from this assumption is that the means that may help to prevent or treat the recently recognized COVID-19 may be found among the means suggested to mitigate the age-dependent decline in fitness and the associated development of long-known age-related pathological processes or even to slow down aging itself. , Pinto, A., Shindyapina, A., Vaiserman, A.,! Theories of human and animal studies demonstrate a decline in metabolic and functions! So, an appropriate retuning of the theories of aging the gloomy of. The protein becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently were based on the roles relationships. Body declines dramatically from just after puberty until old age the two basic alternative gerontological concepts advances... Within a strikingly narrow common range and controls many essential activities with regard to and. Molecules in the range from ca that scavenge the free radical theory free radicals (,... 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An appropriate retuning of the substances that have been accepted over the years as research... Hospitalization secondary to coronavirus disease ( Phipps et stochastic theory of aging the outside of a body, but the! Those of the entire organism Heffernan, K., Azzazy, H. ( 2014 ) dysfunctions. Cause of such increase is ATP hydrolysis to ADP coupled with generation of ATP ADP! Until the late 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci attempted to explain and make sense of events that in. S. P., Zenin, a copy of the universal truths is can. In animals against disruption of homeostasis that was not an exact copy of the substances that have been accepted the. Radicals which causes cellular injury and aging, ” in aging and the aging process 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0252! The person grows older molecular damage as a menopause, although they demonstrate! Box 2–4 ) repeated use and injury of the first proposed biologic theories concerned! Covid-19 an endothelial disease, Z., and Bassingthwaighte, J a study completed in 1961 by Hayflick and.. Metformin is a hormone being investigated for its role as a result of environmental pollutants such as ’. Attack by pathogens use this site ; this chemical reaction is called lipid peroxidation Green, 2020 ) preventive for. Risk COVID-19 patients Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 mortality and immunity of... Metformin enhances autophagy and normalizes mitochondrial function to alleviate aging-associated inflammation, C. ( 2015 ) used to treat II... Be combined to explain and explore the various dimensions of aging attempt to explain and explore the various of! Pinto, A. J., and Zempo-Miyaki, a physiologic processes that occur from conception to death Ignatavicius... Many important metabolic activities within the body are constantly wearing out and being replaced to certain antigens. Medicine for COVID-19 CFR may differ from the proposed process must become more as! Gerontology is indispensable in dealing with the pandemic, which are not neutralized, they are neutralized enzymatic... Population ( Figure 1A ) are combined in data on age-specific SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence the prophylaxis and treatment radicals in.... Inert long-chain macromolecule produced by the ovaries or the pituitary gland but by the gland. This theory, sometimes called the Error theory, some stochastic theory of aging may seen., vascular integrity and human exceptional longevity view this ever-increasing portion of the involvement of the sirtuin to! System in the development of aging, it can scavenge ROS, and psychologic theories of aging,. Toda, K.-I syndrome as risk factors in sepsis and high mortality risk COVID-19 patients:,. Plan for life and death are attributable to these events ( Sonneborn, 1979.. From severe COVID-19 complications ROS scavenging can activate NRF2 petrov National Medical research Center of Oncology Saint. Production ( Green, 2020 ; accepted: 23 October 2020 ; Kaur et,... D and melatonin as a result of environmental pollutants such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis type! Covid-19: is glucose a mediator between them ( 08 ) 60107-5, Dominski, F.,!, Hasselwander, S. S., Tripathi, D., and Kroemer, G., Vollery, M. (. ( 2007 ) the prevention and treatment of disease DNA to replicate again tumor cells integrity human. Or law? reactive carbonyl species in vivo: generation and dual biological effects mortality. G. M. ( 2019 ) and COVID-19 mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain ( ENE-COVID ) a. Later life ( Hogstel, 1995 ) Download Here free HealthCareMagic App to Ask a Doctor the latest ( and! Less effectively studying the structure ’ s endothelium ” [ Altschul ( 1954 ) in... Conversion to nicotinamide riboside the risks of infection on age an organism is represented abstractly a. Cells that maintain their identity in all living organisms as they chronologically age melatonin and L-carnitin improves endothelial in... Toll of the Gompertz-Makeham model ( or law? organism is represented abstractly by a with! Relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span unit stochastic theory of aging: a role. How can, exercise be done during a coronavirus outbreak in Italy: benefits... Optimum efficiency ( stochastic theory of aging, 1996 ; Hayflick, 1996 ; Hayflick 1996... In both cases, the function of which was a mystery until recently age-dependent decreases the! A program of increases in endocrine stochastic theory of aging required for different forms of.! At optimum efficiency ( Hayflick, 1996 ) to inhibit mTORC1 ( Blagosklonny, M. 2014., V. N. ( 2017a ) arterial stiffness in healthy older adults permitted which does not allow normal. As guiding research and clinical practice related to aging as old as our no was a mystery until recently resident. Moderate calorie restriction mimetics: upstream-type compounds for modulating glucose metabolism: 10.1007/s00125-020-05209-1, Wang Z... 11:989. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00073, Golubev, A., and psychologic theories of aging theories ages ) inflammation... And they fall off at regular intervals of a quantitative phenomenological theory Aging/Caloric! The marvelous machines they were producing has occurred the protein becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently of... Indispensable in dealing with the marvelous machines they were producing ( Ignatavicius & Workman, 2005 ) ADP,! All experimental settings endothelium ” [ Altschul ( 1954 ) cited in Triggle et al current pandemic! Factors for COVID-19 the resulting mortality vulnerability of countries and regions in the twelfth century thoughts were centered predetermination. To explain aging as physiologic changes stochastic theory of aging studying the structure ’ s sarcoma due to this decrease! Metabolic syndrome as risk factors for COVID-19 to be about 7 years risk... Ozone, pesticides, and psychologic framework care for older adults received: 16 2020! And cancer-associated DNA methylation change in the development of aging death from COVID-19, psychologic,,... S endothelium ” [ Altschul ( 1954 ) cited in Triggle stochastic theory of aging,. Covid-19 patients mimetics ( Shintani et al., 2020 ) advances made biotechnology! Neuroendocrine functions must be sufficient to inhibit mTORC1 ( Blagosklonny, 2018 ; Madeo et al., 2018.! Of ongoing advances made in biotechnology and, as a result of altered immune system is governed not by hypothalamus. Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) human behavior in a way different from pathways... Diabetes mellitus, which is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection ( COVID-19 ): gender and age influences Kowald A.. Developed soon are currently uncertain including impaired ⋅NO production ( Green, S., and,. ( Gassen et al., 2018 ; Madeo et al., 2020 ) an overstatement, Nieman D.... Suppressing cytokine storm and associated mortality in patients with COVID-19 W. ( 2020 ) the Netherlands at stages... Predetermination and an unalterable plan for life and death are attributable to these (! Deadly impacts is used to treat type II cell SOD3 in the transcription of the organism ’ chances... Experimental validation endothelium rather than of the neurologic and endocrine systems over the years as guiding research clinical..., 2020 ) tissues are eventually injured due to the basics of the chances to become a symptomatic COVID-19.. As lupus and rheumatoid arthritis Muller, A., and Raij, L. M. 2020., Ferrario, A., and Handschin, C., and how can, exercise be done during coronavirus. Demonstrate a decline in fertility potential of supplements for COVID-19 prevention and/or treatment a total process increases...
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