[49] A small number of criollos, notably Mariano Moreno, supported the mutiny,[47] but most of them did not. [51] As a result of the failed mutiny, the rebel militias were disarmed. [61] On July 16, the La Paz revolution, led by Colonel Pedro Domingo Murillo, deposed the Governor of La Paz and elected a new junta. National Day in Argentina. Though … [231] The Argentina Centennial and the Argentina Bicentennial were celebrated in 1910 and 2010. [141], On the morning of May 25, in spite of bad weather,[142] a crowd gathered in the Plaza de la Victoria, as did the militia led by Domingo French and Antonio Beruti. [137] They felt that the Cabildo would not pursue such a plot without the blessing of Saavedra and that Castelli should resign from the Junta. Date. [188] The brief existence of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata, which had lasted barely 38 years, impeded the consolidation of a patriotic feeling and failed to bring a sense of community to all of the population. This is a National holiday which is celebrated every May 25. Year. [41] This was an unprecedented action, the first time that a Spanish viceroy was deposed by local government institutions, and not by the King of Spain himself;[43] King Charles IV ratified the appointment at a later time. [156] The Sun of May was created a few years later with reference to this event. This led to dramatic increases in the productive capabilities of Britain,[9] and created a need for new markets to sell its products. [60], There was concern about events in Spain and about the legitimacy of local governors in Upper Peru as well. [194], The first remarkable historiographical school of interpretation of the history of Argentina was founded by members of the 1837 generation, including Bartolomé Mitre. [133][134] There are many interpretations of his motives for departing from the decision of the open cabildo in this way. Day of Respect for Cultural Diversity 12 October 2020. [10] The Napoleonic Wars with France made this a difficult task, after Napoleon imposed the Continental System, which forbade his allies and conquests to trade with Britain. May 25 was designated as a patriotic date in 1813, but the Argentine Declaration of Independence suggests July 9 as an alternative national day. [26] The following year, a larger army seized Montevideo, but was overwhelmed by the forces of Buenos Aires; the invaders capitulated[26] and returned Montevideo to the viceroyalty. [89], Castelli and Martín Rodríguez moved to the Fort for an interview with Cisneros. [96] He asked Belgrano to help the Cabildo with the work, as his intervention would be seen by the crowd as a guarantee that their demands would not be ignored. Argentina Holidays calendar for the whole year: public holidays, world and international holidays, religious holidays, professional holidays, culcural holidays, unofficial holidays, observances The Junta then appointed a new Audiencia composed entirely of criollos loyal to the revolution. May 1: Labour Day: Día del Trabajador: International holiday: May 25: Day of the First … [114] Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuénaga (who would be members of the Primera Junta some days later), Escalada and Argerich (or Aguirre) supported his vote, among others. [71] This was confirmed in Buenos Aires on May 17, when the British ship John Parish arrived in Montevideo; the most recent newspapers reported that members of the Supreme Central Junta had been dismissed. [106], The meeting lasted from morning to midnight, including the reading of the proclamation, the debate and the vote. [1][2] Between 1775 and 1783, the American patriots of the Thirteen Colonies waged the American Revolutionary War against both the local loyalists and the Kingdom of Great Britain, eventually establishing a popular government in the place of the British monarchy. The Spaniards of America are trying to save theirs. [72] Cisneros monitored the British ships and seized their newspapers to conceal the news, but a newspaper came into the hands of Belgrano and Castelli. Because of this, historical views on the topic differ in their interpretations of the meanings, causes and consequences of the events, rather than in the accuracy of their depiction of the events themselves. [153] The demonstration overran the Cabildo again, and reached the hall of deliberations. Not only is there no reason to get rid of the Viceroy, but even if no part of Spain remained unsubdued, the Spaniards in America ought to take it back and resume command over it. [153] Leiva agreed, convinced the other members, and the people returned to the Plaza. [114] He argued that such an action would break the unity of the country and establish as many sovereignties as there were cities. [109] He spoke after Riega, and replied that the American people should assume control of their government until Ferdinand VII could return to the throne. [48] The Spanish militia and a group of people summoned by the meeting gathered to support the rebellion. [205], The government created on May 25 pronounced itself loyal to the deposed King of Spain Ferdinand VII, but historians disagree on whether this was sincere or not. Spaniards came to colonize the land, and the Jesuits created as many as 30 missions all over the territory. [51] The leaders of the plot, with the exception of Moreno,[52] were exiled to Carmen de Patagones. [142] Because of delays in issuing an official resolution, the crowd became agitated, clamoring that "the people want to know what is going on!". Vacation. [151] As had happened several times in the last few days, Romero explained that the soldiers would mutiny if forced to fight against the rioters on behalf of Cisneros. The country formally established its independence with the adoption of its constitution in 1853. [214] However, Britain's first priority was the war against France in Europe, and they could not appear to support American independence movements or allow the military attention of Spain to be divided onto two different fronts. [18] The lower clergy had a similar sentiment about the higher echelons of the religious hierarchy. [233], A representation of a cabildo is used on Argentine 25-cent coins,[234] and an image of the Sun of May appears on the 5-cent coin. [114] He based his speech on two key ideas: the government's lapsed legitimacy—he stated that the Supreme Central Junta was dissolved and had no rights to designate a Regency—and the principle of retroversion of sovereignty. Day of the First National Government in Argentina Date in the current year: May 25, 2020 Day of the First National Government is an Argentine public holiday celebrated on May 25. [125] His proposal had nearly 30 votes. [84] He argued that if the Viceroy was deposed in that way, it would constitute a rebellion, which would turn the revolutionaries into outlaws. [25], Buenos Aires and Montevideo successfully resisted two British invasions. [14] Charles IV requested that Napoleon restore him to the throne; instead, Napoleon crowned his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new Spanish King. It wasn’t until July 9, 1816 that true independence from Spain was declared, following the example of other nations like Peru, Uruguay, and Paraguay. [115], Pascual Ruiz Huidobro stated that, since the authority that appointed Cisneros had expired, Cisneros should no longer have a place in the government. [195] Mitre regarded the May Revolution as an iconic expression of political egalitarianism: a conflict between modern freedoms and oppression represented by the Spanish monarchy, and an attempt to establish a national organization on constitutional principles as opposed to the charismatic authority of the caudillos. Find event and ticket information. [150] Leiva attempted to discourage the rioter Pancho Planes, but he entered the hall as well. Let the ones from Spain deal with themselves as they can; do not worry, we American Spaniards know what we want and where we go. The Supreme Junta retreated to Cadiz and dissolved itself, and the Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies replaced it. [50] The riot was quickly routed when criollo militias led by Cornelio Saavedra surrounded the plaza and dispersed the insurgents. At first this added to the conflicts between Buenos Aires and the provinces during the Argentine Civil War, because the date in May related to Buenos Aires and the date of July 9 related to the whole country. [64], On November 25, 1809, Cisneros created the Political Surveillance Court to persecute afrancesados (supporters of Joseph Bonaparte) and independentists. Ferdinand VII and his legitimate successors". [156], The Cabildo accepted the document and moved to the balcony to submit it directly to the people for ratification. [38][39] The project was resisted by Viceroy Liniers, most peninsulars, and some criollos, including Cornelio Saavedra and the lawyers Mariano Moreno and Juan José Paso. The ruse is known as the "Mask of Ferdinand VII". The following are the national public holidays and other observances of Argentina. [22] Two antagonistic factions emerged: the landowners wanted free trade so they could sell their products abroad, while the merchants, who benefited from the high prices of smuggled imports, opposed free trade because prices would come down. The Assembly of Year XIII was intended to declare independence, but failed to do so because of other political conflicts between its members. [130], At dawn on May 23, the Cabildo informed the population that the Viceroy would end his mandate. [211] However, it suppressed mention of Ferdinand VII in official documents. So I suggest we vote: that we replace the Viceroy with a new authority that will be subject to the parent state if it is saved from the French, and independent if Spain is finally subjugated. [221] Thus, it would have the characteristics of a civil war instead. [114] Huidobro felt that the Cabildo should be in government, as it was the representative of the people. However, this caused much popular unrest, so he resigned under pressure on May 25. Argentinas National Day! The stability of Cisneros in power, albeit in an office other than Viceroy, was seen as an insult to the will of the open cabildo. [155], After a long interval, a document containing 411 signatures was delivered to the Cabildo. [36][37] Britain, which had a strong influence in the politics of the Portuguese Empire, opposed the project as well: they did not want Spain split into several kingdoms, and considered Carlota Joaquina unable to prevent this. San Martin's Day 17 August 2020. [224] When San Martín talked about enemies, he called them "royalists" or "Goths", but never "Spanish". [158] This wore the patience of the few who were still in the plaza in the rain. Search. [83] Lezica asked for patience and time to persuade the Viceroy, and leave a massive demonstration as a last resort. [139] Cisneros wanted to wait for the following day, but they said that there was no time for further delays, so he finally agreed to resign. [153] They feared that the demonstrators could overrun the building and reach them. More specifically, this day marks the creation of the First Junta, a local authority that took over governance of Buenos Aires from the Spanish Viceroyalty on this date in 1810. Weekday Day. [61] On May 25, 1809, the Chuquisaca Revolution deposed Ramón García de León y Pizarro as Governor of Chuquisaca and replaced him with Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales. See also: upcoming public holidays in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, MERCOSUR, Paraguay, South America, Uruguay and worldwide. There are departments of this name in the provinces of Chaco, Misiones, San Juan, Rio Negro and Buenos Aires, the latter holding the town of Veinticinco de Mayo. [164] The Royal Audiencia secretly swore allegiance to the Council of Regency a month later and sent communiqués to the other cities of the Viceroyalty, to request them to deny recognition to the new government. [168] Since Mitre, many historians think that this professed loyalty was merely a political deception to gain autonomy. [121] However, there were no problems and this emergency plan was not implemented. Argentinean flags are displayed everywhere, and people dress in the national colors of white and blue. [135], These developments shocked the revolutionaries. [78] Saavedra, called by Viamonte, joined the meeting,[78] which involved military and civilian leaders. [41] The population did not allow Rafael de Sobremonte to continue as Viceroy. European explorers arrived in Argentina as early as 1502, led by Américo Vespucio. The Argentina Centennial and the Argentina Bicentennial were celebrated in 1910 and 2010. [73] South American patriots feared both a complete French victory in the peninsula and an absolutist restoration. [5][6] Many enlightened criollos came into contact with liberal authors and their works during their university studies, either in Europe or at the University of Chuquisaca (modern Sucre). [162] However, it faced several internal conflicts. [78] Saavedra commented to Lezica that he was suspected of betrayal because of his constant requests for cautious and measured steps. [76] Juan Florencio Terrada, commander of the Infantry Grenadiers, joined them, because their barracks were located under Cisneros' window, and his presence would not allow the Viceroy to request military aid to take Castelli and Martín Rodríguez prisoners. [17] The newspapers reported that some of the former members of the Junta had taken refuge on the Isla de León in Cadiz. [67] He meant that he would not support rushed actions against the Viceroy, but would do so at a strategically favorable moment, such as when Napoleon's forces gained a decisive advantage in their war against Spain. [18] This situation damaged the viceroyalty, as Spain's economy was not powerful enough to produce the huge supply of goods that the numerous colonies would need. [34] This political project, known as Carlotism, sought to prevent a French invasion of the Americas. Meetings were held during May Week in 1810, and it was decided that a revolutionary junta should take control of the country. So I suggest we vote: that we replace the Viceroy with a new authority that will be subject to the parent state if it is saved from the French, and independent if Spain is finally subjugated. Delegates denied recognition to the Council of Regency in Spain and established a junta to govern in place of Cisneros, since the government that had appointed him Viceroy no longer existed. European explorers arrived in Argentina as early as 1502, led by Américo Vespucio. [114] Melchor Fernández, Juan León Ferragut and Joaquín Grigera supported his vote, among others. [65] However, he rejected economist José María Romero's proposal to banish a number of people considered dangerous to the Spanish regime, such as Saavedra, Paso, Vieytes, Castelli and Moreno, among others. Here there are no conquerors or conquered; here there are only Spaniards. [102], According to the minutes, only about 251 out of the 450 officially invited guests attended the open cabildo. In Buenos Aires the viceroy tried to remain faithful to Spain, but he was under great pressure as independent forces gathered and asked for independence for Argentina and surrounding territories. [215] Consequently, they pushed to avoid explicit independence demonstrations. [217] Later conflicts between Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Artigas led to internal conflicts on the British front, between Strangford and the Portuguese regent John VI of Portugal. the people want to know what is going on! [76], Although Viceroy Cisneros attempted to conceal the news of the Spanish defeat, the rumor had already spread throughout Buenos Aires. These events gave criollos military power and political influence that they did not have before and, since the victory was achieved without any help from Spain, it boosted criollo confidence in their independent capabilities. [80] He asked for allegiance to King Ferdinand VII, but popular unrest continued to intensify. May 25: Revolution Day June 17: General Martín Manuel de G ü emes Memorial Day June 20: General Belgrano Memorial Day (sometimes known as Flag Day, celebrating the creation of Argentina's national … [114] He said "...there shall be no doubt that it is the people that create authority or command. [68], The May Week was the period of time in Buenos Aires which began with the confirmation of the fall of the Supreme Central Junta and ended with the dismissal of Cisneros and the establishment of the Primera Junta. [155] The Cabildo replied by requesting their demands in writing. Later in 1534, the northern part of Argentina was given to Pedro de Mendoza, who in 1536 built the Port of Santa Maria del Buen Ayre, today the city of Buenos Aires. Consequently, there was a growing rivalry between criollos and peninsulars (those born in Spain). [186] Domingo Faustino Sarmiento stated similar views in his Facundo, and noted that cities were more receptive to republican ideas, while rural areas were more resistant to them, which led to the surge of caudillos.[187]. [169] This reduced the power of the counter-revolutionary army by means of desertions and sabotage. [147] They considered that the crowd had no legitimate right to influence something that the Cabildo had already decided and implemented. [153] Rodríguez headed to Azcuenaga's house to meet the other revolutionaries to plan the final stages of the revolution. [32] Carlota Joaquina, sister of Ferdinand VII, was the wife of the Portuguese prince regent, but had her own political projects. [98] The people finally settled down and dispersed when Saavedra intervened to say that the claims of the Infernal Legion were supported by the military. Six years after the creation of the first Argentine government on 25 May 1810, delegates from the United Provinces of South America declared themselves independent from Spain on 9 July 1816. [140] He sent a resignation letter to the Cabildo for consideration on the following day. [61] Murillo tried to defend La Paz, but his 800 militiamen were completely outnumbered by the more than 5,000 soldiers sent from Lima. [76] After a short private discussion with Caspe, Cisneros reluctantly gave his consent. [117] The rhetorical device of the "elder sister", comparable to negotiorum gestio,[118] makes an analogy between the relationship of Buenos Aires and other cities of the viceroyalty with a sibling relationship. [83] This comment was designed to pressure Lezica into speeding up the legal system to allow the people to express themselves, or otherwise risk a major rebellion. [11] To achieve their economic objectives, Britain initially tried to invade Rio de la Plata and conquer key cities in Spanish America. He was aware of the news, but only said that the situation on the Iberian Peninsula was delicate; he did not confirm the fall of the Junta. [143] They demanded the recall of the Junta elected the previous day, the final resignation of Cisneros, and the appointment of a new junta that did not include him. [74] When Cornelio Saavedra, head of the regiment of Patricians, was informed of this news, he decided that it was finally the ideal time to take action against Cisneros. [158] Facing the prospect of further violence, the popular request was read aloud and immediately ratified by those present. [102] The principle of retroversion of the sovereignty to the people stated that, in the absence of the legitimate monarch, power returned to the people; they were entitled to form a new government. [212] Before the declaration of independence of 1816, the supreme directors considered other options, such as to negotiate with Spain or become a British protectorate. [176], The Captaincy General of Chile followed a process analogous to that of the May Revolution, and elected a Government Junta that inaugurated the brief period known as Patria Vieja. The revolution of May 1810 in Buenos Aires, intended to win the independence of Argentina from Spain, also had the consequence of emancipating the province of Buenos Aires from Argentina or, rather, of imposing the authority of this province upon the whole nation emancipated from Spain. [93] They learned the result of the meeting with Cisneros, but were unsure as to whether Cisneros intended to keep his word. [96] Unsure of what to do next, they feared that they would be punished, like the revolutionaries of Chuquisaca and La Paz. In April 1810, Cornelio Saavedra advised to his friends: "it's not time yet, let the figs ripen and then we'll eat them". [55] Manuel Belgrano proposed that Liniers should resist on the grounds that he had been confirmed as Viceroy by a King of Spain, whereas Cisneros lacked such legitimacy. [78], Not fooled by the Viceroy's communiqué, some criollos met at the houses of Nicolás Rodríguez Peña and Martín Rodríguez. [191], The first people to write about the May Revolution were participants who wrote memoirs, biographies and diaries. [93], At 3 pm, the Cabildo began its routine work, but was interrupted by 600 armed men named the Infernal Legion, who occupied the Plaza de la Victoria and loudly demanded the convening of an open cabildo and the resignation of Viceroy Cisneros. [155] But, because of the late hour and the weather, the number of people in the plaza had declined. [5] Spain instituted those bans when it declared war on France after the execution of Louis XVI and retained them after the peace treaty of 1796. The May Revolution began the Argentine War of Independence, although no formal declaration of independence was issued at the time and the Primera Junta continued to govern in the name of the deposed king, Ferdinand VII. [95] The people in the Plaza did not believe that Cisneros would allow the open cabildo the next day. May 25th is known as el Día de la Revolución de Mayo, or the Day of the May Revolution. It is celebrated as Argentina’s independence day but is actually celebrating a series of events that lead up to the May Revolution and ultimately Argentina’s independence from Spain. [12] When that failed, they chose to promote the Spanish-American aspirations of emancipation from Spain. [192] However, their works were motivated by purposes other than historiographic ones, such as to explain the reasons for their actions, clean their public images, or express their support or rejection of the public figures and ideas of the time. [157] Meanwhile, the weather improved and the sun broke through the clouds. 10 things you might not know about Argentina: The name "Argentina" comes from the Latin argentum " Silver ", because of the mythical Sierra de la Plata ("Silver Mountains") a … [104] The only notable absence was that of Martín de Álzaga, who was still under house arrest. [33] As she avoided the later capture of the Spanish royal family, she attempted to take charge of the viceroyalty as regent. [137] There was a meeting at Rodríguez Peña's house. [136] Moreno abjured relations with the others and shut himself in his home. [152] The Cabildo still refused to give up, until the noise of the demonstration was heard in the hall. [13] In 1806, a small British army led by William Carr Beresford seized Buenos Aires for a brief time; a Montevidean army led by Santiago de Liniers liberated the city. Most criollos thought that peninsulars had undeserved advantages and received preferential treatment in politics and society. See what famous, interesting and notable events happened throughout history on May 25. May 25 is Argentina’s National Day, also known as First Government Day. [24] In most cases, the appointees had little knowledge of or interest in local issues. Argentina holidays in 2021. [162] The May Revolution lacked a clear leader as other regions of Latin America; the secretary Mariano Moreno led the initial phase of the government, but he was removed shortly afterwards. [124] After the presentations, people voted for the continuation of the Viceroy, alone or at the head of a junta, or his dismissal. [88][103] French and Beruti, in command of 600 men armed with knives, shotguns and rifles, controlled access to the square to ensure that the open cabildo had a majority of criollos. Nobody could call the whole nation a criminal, nor the individuals that have aired their political views. National Day/May 1810 Revolution. [63] Juan José Castelli was present at the deliberations of the University of Chuquisaca, where Bernardo Monteagudo developed the Syllogism of Chuquisaca, a legal explanation to justify self-governance. The voting lasted for a long time, and the result was to dismiss the Viceroy by a large majority: 155 votes to 69. [171] Ocampo refused to shoot the captive Liniers; hence the execution ordered by the Junta was carried out by Juan José Castelli. [183], According to historian Félix Luna's Breve historia de los Argentinos (Spanish: Brief history of the Argentines), one of the most important societal consequences of the May Revolution was the shift in the way the people and its rulers related. Every country in the world in 1 calendar. [111] The promoters of change did not recognize the authority of the Council of Regency, and argued that the colonies in America were not consulted in its formation. [170] After the victory, the Primera Junta sent military expeditions to many other cities, to demand support and the election of representatives to it. [87] Colonel Cornelio Saavedra, head of the Regiment of Patricios, responded on behalf of all the criollo regiments. It was upheld by the Primera Junta, the Junta Grande and the First Triumvirate. The concept of the divine right of kings was questioned by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, by the oft-quoted statement that "all men are created equal" in the United States Declaration of Independence and even by the Spanish church. [43] The Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires did not allow his return to Buenos Aires and elected Liniers, acclaimed as a popular hero, as an interim Viceroy. [96] Leiva left the Cabildo, and Belgrano, who was representing the crowd, requested a definitive commitment. The Junta was defeated in 1814 at the Battle of Rancagua, and the subsequent Reconquista of Chile would make it a royalist stronghold once more. Much later in 1810, Spain was invaded by Napoleonic forces. National Day is a public holiday in Argentina. [78] The "Café de Catalanes" and the "Fonda de las Naciones", frequent criollo meeting places, became venues for political discussions and radical proclamations; Francisco José Planes shouted that Cisneros should be hanged in the Plaza as retribution for the execution of the leaders of the ill-fated La Paz revolution. [101] The printer Agustín Donado, supporting the revolutionaries, printed nearly 600 invitations instead of the 450 requested, and distributed the surplus among the criollos. The above is the list of 2016 public holidays declared in Argentina which includes federal, regional government holidays and popular observances. Two of the most notable are the Avenida de Mayo and the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, near the location of the Cabildo. The public holiday is set by law 21.329 and is always celebrated on May 25, regardless of the day of the week. The rules governing it were roughly the same as those issued the day before, with the additional provisions that the Cabildo would watch over the members of the Junta and that the Junta itself would appoint replacements in case of vacancies. [62] These measures contrasted sharply with the pardon that Martín de Álzaga and others had received after a short time in prison, and the resentment of criollos against the peninsulars deepened. [160] Meanwhile, Cisneros dispatched a post rider to Córdoba, Argentina, to warn Santiago de Liniers about what had happened in Buenos Aires and to request military action against the Junta. States. [95] Saavedra was at the barracks at that moment, concerned about the demonstration. This proved to be the first step towards independence. dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, "Actas capitulares desde el 21 hasta el 25 de Mayo de 1810, en Buenos Aires", "La historia poco conocida de San Martín", Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina, Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=May_Revolution&oldid=991289905, 1810 in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 08:24. These dates may be modified as official changes are announced, so please check back regularly for updates. Wed. May 25. [216] This pressure was exerted by Lord Strangford, the British ambassador at the court of Rio de Janeiro; he expressed support for the Junta, but under the condition that "...the behavior is consistent, and that [the] Capital [is] retained on behalf of Mr. Dn. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. [184] With the revolution, the concept of common good gave way to that of popular sovereignty, as theorized by Moreno, Castelli and Monteagudo, among others. Argentina gained its independence from Spain with the revolution of 1810. The document—still preserved—listed most army commanders and many well-known residents, and contained many illegible signatures. The modern version of events does not differ significantly from the contemporary one. [92] Juan José Paso stood up and cried out for the freedom of Buenos Aires, and a small fight ensued. 25 de Mayo: National Day. Joseph's coronation was met with severe resistance in Spain, which started the Peninsular War, and the Supreme Central Junta took power in the name of the absent king. [81] The Viceroy summoned military commanders to come to the fort at 7 pm,[87] to demand military support. [90] The guards let them pass unannounced, and they found Cisneros playing cards with Brigadier Quintana, prosecutor Caspe and aide Coicolea. [125] Another 30 votes supported Cisneros, with no change to the political system. [156] The people in the plaza saw it as a favorable omen for the revolution. For Cultural Diversity 12 October 2020 increased, and parts of Brazil Iberian Peninsula 93 ] They the. 12 ] when that failed, They chose to promote the Spanish-American aspirations of from... Growing rivalry between criollos and peninsulars ( those born in Spain ) Spanish colony included roughly the territories present-day! Want to know what was occurring on behalf of all 2018 public holidays in. 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